HAPLOGROUP l1

( YDNA)

ORIGINS AND HISTORY

IF YOU ARE A CARRUTHERS YOU ARE IN THE HAPLOGROUP l1 GROUP

IF YOU ARE IN THE HAPLOGROUP l1 YOU ARE A VIKING

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION MAP

Distribution of haplogroup I1 in Europe
Haplogroup I1 is the most common I subclade in northern Europe. It is found mostly in Scandinavia and Finland, where it typically represent over 35% of the male Y-chromosomes. Associated with the Norse ethnicity, I1 is found in all places
invaded by ancient Germanic tribes and the Vikings. Other parts of Europe speaking Germanic languages come next in frequency. Germany, Austria, the Low Countries, England and the Scottish Lowlands all have between 10% and 20% of I1 lineages.

Haplogroup I is the oldest major haplogroup in Europe and in all probability the only one that originated there (apart from very minor haplogroups like C6 and deep subclades of other haplogroups).

It is thought to have arrived from the Middle East as haplogroup IJ sometime between 45,000 and 50,000 years ago, and developed into haplogroup I approximately 40,000
years ago.

It has now been confirmed by ancient DNA test that Cro-Magnons, the first Homo sapiens to colonize Europe 45,000 years ago, belonged to haplogroups BT, CT, C, F, IJ and I.
The I1 branch is estimated to have split away from the rest of haplogroup I some 27,000 years ago. I1 is defined by over 300 unique mutations, which indicates that this lineage experienced a serious population bottleneck. Most of the Late Glacial and Mesolithic remains tested to date belonged to haplogroup I* or I2. It is not yet clear in which part of Europe I1 originated.

( THE CARRUTHERS BEING IN THE HAPLOGROUP l1, KNOW THAT THEY WERE IN THE HAPLOGROUP 1 PRIOR TO THAT, MORE THAN 30,000 YEARS.  )

It has been speculated that I1 evolved in isolation in Scandinavia during the late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, when hunter-gatherers from southern Europe recolonised the northern half of the continent from their LGM refugia. The oldest attested evidence of postglacial resettlement of Scandinavia dates from 11,000 BCE with the appearance of the Ahrensburg culture .

However, five Y-DNA samples from Mesolithic Sweden, dating from c. 5800 to 5000 BCE and tested by Lazaridis et al. 2013 and Haak et al. 2015 all turned out to belong to haplogroup I2.
The earliest sign of haplogroup I1 emerged from the testing of Early Neolithic Y-DNA from western Hungary (SzécsényiNagy et al. 2014 ). A single I1 sample was identified alongside a G2a2b sample, both from the early Linear Pottery (LBK) culture , which would later diffuse the new agricultural lifestyle to most of Poland, Germany and the Low Countries. This means that haplogroup I1 was present in central Europe at the time of the Neolithic expansion.

( THE FIRST CARRUTHERS DNA STUDY WAS INSTRUMENTAL IN MATCHING US (CARRUTHERS) TO THE EARLY NEOLITHIC Y-DNA STUDY FROM WESTERN HUNGARY. THE NEOLITHIS REVOLUTION WAS ALSO CALLED THE FIRST AGRICULTURAL PERIOD, WHEN MANY OF OUR ANCESTORS WENT FROM HUNTERS-GATHERERS TO FARMERS. )

LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE 5600-4025 BCE

It is therefore possible that I1 lineages were among the Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers assimilated by the wave of East Mediterranean Neolithic farmers (represented chiefly by Y-haplogroup G2a).

There is also evidence from the Neolithic samples of the Early Neolithic Starčevo and Cardium Pottery cultures that haplogroup I2a lived alongside G2a farmers both in south-east and south-west Europe.
The most likely hypothesis at present is that I1 and I2 lineages were dispersed around Europe during the Mesolithic, and that some branches prospered more than others thanks to an early adoption of agriculture upon contact with the Near Eastern
farmers who were slowly making their way across the Balkans and the Mediterranean shores.

The small group of farmers from the early LBK culture from Hungary might have formed a blend of I1 and G2a men. Yet distinct families would have
spread in different directions and met varying successes in their expansion. It would appear that a founder effect in the northern LBK population led to a sudden explosion of I1 lineages, perhaps in part thanks to their better knowledge of the Central European terrain and fauna (since hunting was typically practised side by side to agriculture to complement the farmers’ diet). I1 would later have spread to Scandinavia from northern Germany.

( CARRUTHERS ANCESTORS WERE PAID TO FIGHT.  SOMETIMES THEY FOUGHT WITH THE ROMANS, AND SOMETIMES AGAINST.  THESE ARE THE MEN WHO ARE ACCREDITED WITH SPREADING THEIR DNA ACROSS EUROPE)

This data is consistent with a Neolithic dispersal of I1 from Hungary with the LBK culture and the subsequent Funnelbeaker culture (4000-2700 BCE) in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. One Swedish sample from the late Mesolithic
Pitted Ware culture (3200-2300 BCE) also turned out to belong to I2a1 and not I1.

FUNNELBEAKER CULTURE MAP

Both the Funnelbeaker and Pitted Ware cultures represent a merger between the Neolithic (farming) and Mesolithic (huntergatherer) lifestyles. Neolithic farmers from Germany penetrated late into Scandinavia and in small numbers.

There is archeological evidence that Neolithic farmers settled in southern Scandinavia and lived side by side with hunter-gatherers for several centuries during the Funnelbeaker culture. Skoglund et al. 2012 tested and compared the DNA of one Neolithic farmer and three hunter-gatherers from Sweden dating from 5,000 years ago. It turned out that the farmer was much closer genetically to modern Mediterranean people, especially the Sardinians, who are generally considered the best proxy population to Neolithic European farmers. The hunter-gatherers’s DNA resembled that of modern Northeast Europeans, and perhaps even more that of the Finns and Samis than Scandinavians.

( MANY MIGHT GET A L300 RESULT ON THEIR DNA.  PRIOR TO THE CARRUTHERS COMING FROM GUTLAND/GOTLAND, MANY LIVED IN FINLAND.)
Scandinavian hunter-gatherers ( CARRUTHERS IN GUTLAND) would have adopted the new Neolithic lifestyle little by little, using pottery and keeping domesticated animals (sheep, cattle, pigs and goats) to complement their traditional diet of fishing and game hunting. The cultivation of wheat, barley and legumes was fairly limited due to the cold climate. The cold climate was actually a barrier to the expansion of farmers from the continent. This is why Scandinavians retained a greater percentage of Mesolithic ancestry than virtually all other Europeans, apart from the Samis, Finns, Balts and Russians.
No ancient Y-DNA from the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia has been tested to date, but it is likely that I1 really started gathering momentum toward the end of the Funnelbeaker period. It might also have been among the Funnelbeaker lineages
that were most successfully assimilated by Proto-Indo-European invaders during the Corded Ware culture (aka Battle-Axe culture in Scandinavia).

Most I1 individuals today share a common ancestor around the time of the transition between the Funnelbeaker and Corded Ware periods.

 

 

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