1,100-year-old ‘ceremonial’ Viking shields were actually used in battle, study suggests

Dozens of Viking round shields from a famous ship burial unearthed in Norway were not strictly ceremonial as long thought; instead they may have protected warriors in battle, a new study finds.

1000 YEAR OLD SHIELD FOUND IN DENMARK. CARRUTHERS ANCESTORS WERE MAINLY DANISH VIKINGS.

A reanalysis of the wooden shields, which were unearthed in the Gokstad ship in southern Norway in 1880, suggests they may have once been covered with rawhide (untanned cattle skin) and used in hand-to-hand combat, according to a new study published on March 24 in the journal Arms and Armour.

“The [Gokstad] shields are generally in accordance with our understanding of shields that have been used in combat,” study author Rolf Warming , a doctoral student of archaeology at Stockholm University, told Live Science in an email. “The craftsmanship is in the tradition of the Germanic flat round shield tradition, which is a widespread weaponry technology in Scandinavia between the early 3rd to late 13th centuries.”

https://img.particlenews.com/image.php?url=47IROa_0lgbENg800 — A drawing of a reconstructed shield from the Gokstad ship, adapted from the original 1882 report of the discovery. (Image credit: Nicolaysen et al, 1882)

A total of 64 shields — possibly one for each of the crew on board, Warming said — were tied along the top edge of the hull of the ship, just above its oar-holes.

The vessel was once used at sea, probably for warfare, trade and transportation. But about 900, it was dragged onto land and used for the burial of a Viking king .

OFFICIAL AND OLDEST SCOTTISH CLAN CARRUTHERS

SINCE 1983-CLAN OF OUR ANCESTORS

MERITED TO CHIEF CAROTOCUS 10AD

PRESENT CHIEF : PAT E CARROTHERS USA

TAMMY WISE CHS

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Preserving Our Past, Recording Our Present, Informing Our Future

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

GOLD WINGS – https://www.facebook.com/carrutherscarrothers.pat.9

COPPER WINGS https://www.facebook.com/ClanCarruthers1/

CLAN CARRUTHERS FAMILY HISTORY – https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClan

CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/3878691252182714

CLAN CARRUTHERS INT SOCIETY- https://www.facebook.com/groups/394653845137709

CLAN CARRUTHERS – BORDER REIVERS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/434959914239094

Disclaimer Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan International Soci

Gutland / Gotland, OUR ANCESTORS, Uncategorized

GORM THE OLD – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

April 30, 2023April 30, 2023 ClanCarruthers

GORM THE OLD – DENMARKS FIRST KING

CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR

In ancient times Denmark was not a kingdom, but a multitude of small provinces ruled over by warlike chiefs who called themselves kings. It was not until the ninth century that these little king-ships were combined into one kingdom, this being done by a famous chieftain, known by the Danes as Gorm den Gamle, or Gorm the Old. A great warrior he was, a viking of the vikings, and southern Europe felt his heavy hand. A famous story of barbarian life is that of Gorm, which well deserves to be told.

He was the son of a fierce pagan of Norway, Hardegon, who was of royal blood, being a grandson of the half-fabulous Ragnar Lodbrok. A prince with only his sword for kingdom, Hardegon looked around for a piece of land to be won by fighting, and fixed upon Lejre, in the fruitful Danish island of Sjölland, which was just then in a very inviting state for the soldier of fortune. Some time before it had fallen into the hands of a Swedish fortune-seeker named Olaf, who left it to his two sons. These in turn had just been driven out by Siegric, the rightful king, when Hardegon descended upon it and seized it for himself. Dying, he left it to his son Gorm.

It was a small kingdom that Gorm had fallen heir to. A lord’s estate we would call it to-day. But while small in size, it stood high in rank, for it was here that the great sacrifices to Odin, the chief Scandinavian deity, were held, and it was looked upon as one of the most sacred of spots. Hither at Yuletide came the devotees of Odin from all quarters to worship at his shrine, and offer gifts of gold and silver, precious stones and costly robes, to the twelve high priests of whom the king of Lejre was the chief. And every worshipper, whether rich or poor, was expected to bring a horse, a dog, or a cock, these animals being sacred to Odin and sacrificed in large numbers annually at his shrine. In the special nine-year services, people came in great numbers, and it is probable that on these occasions human sacrifices were made, captives taken in war or piratical excursions being saved for this purpose.

As one may see, the king of Lejre had excellent opportunity to acquire wealth, and young Gorm, being brave, clever, and ambitious, used his riches to increase his landed possessions. At least, the Danish historians tell us that he began by buying one bit of land, getting another by barter, seizing on one district, having another given him, and so on. But all this is guess-work, and all we actually know is that Gorm, the son of a poor though nobly-born sea-rover, before his death gained control of all Denmark, then much larger than the Denmark of to-day, and changed the small state with which he began into a powerful kingdom, bringing all the small kings under his sway.

The ambitious chief did not content himself with this. Long before his kingdom was rounded and complete he had become known as one of the most daring and successful of the viking adventurers who in those days made all Europe their prey.

Early in his reign he made a plundering cruise along the shores of the Baltic and joined in a piratical invasion of Russia, penetrating far inward and pillaging as he went. We hear of him again in 882 as one of the chiefs of a daring band which made a conquering raid into Germany, intrenched itself on the river Maas, sallied forth on plundering excursions whose track was marked by ruined fields and burnt homesteads, villages and towns, and even assailed and took Aix-la-Chapelle, one of the chief cities of the empire of Charlemagne and the seat of his tomb. The reckless freebooters stalled their horses in the beautiful chapel in which the great emperor lay buried and stripped from his tomb its gilded and silvered railings and everything of value which the monks had not hidden.

The whole surrounding country was similarly ravaged and desolated by the ruthless heathens, monasteries were burned, monks were killed or captured, and the emperor, Charles the Fat, was boldly defied. When Charles brought against the plunderers an army large enough to devour them, he was afraid to strike a blow against them, and preferred to buy them off with a ransom of two thousand pounds of gold and silver, all he got in return being their promise to be baptized.

Finding that they had a timid foe to deal with, the rapacious Norsemen asked for more, and when they finally took to their ships two hundred transports were needed to carry away their plunder. The cowardly Charles, indeed, was so wrought upon by fear of the pagan Danes that he even passed the incredible law that any one who killed a Norseman should have his eyes put out and in some cases should lose his life.

All this was sure to invite new invasions. A wave of joy passed through the north when the news spread of the poltroonery of the emperor and the vast spoil awaiting the daring hand. Back they came, demanding and receiving new ransom, and in 885 there began a great siege of Paris by forty thousand Danes.

King Gorm was one of the chiefs who took part in this, and when Henry of Neustria, whom the emperor had sent with an army against them, was routed and driven back, it was Gorm who pursued the fugitives into the town of Soissons, where many captives and a great booty were taken.

The dastard emperor again bought them off with money and freedom to ravage Burgundy, Paris being finally rescued by Count Eudes. In 891 they were so thoroughly beaten by King Arnulf, of Germany, that their great leaders fell on the field and only a remnant of the Norsemen escaped alive, the waters of the river Dyle running red with the blood of slain thousands.

Gorm was one of the chiefs who took part in this disastrous battle of Louvaine and was one of the fortunate few who lived to return to their native land. Apparently it was not the last of his expeditions, his wife, Queen Thyra, taking care of the kingdom in his many long absences.

Thyra needed ability and resolution to fitly perform this duty, for those were restless and turbulent times, and the Germans made many incursions into Sleswick and Jutland and turned the borderlands on the Eyder into a desert. This grew so hard to bear that the wise queen devised a plan to prevent it. Gathering a great body of workmen from all parts of Denmark, she set them to building a wall of defense from forty-five to seventy-five feet high and eight miles long, crossing from water to water on the east and west. This great wall, since known as the Dannevirke, took three years to build. There were strong watch-towers at intervals and only one gate, and this was well protected by a wide and deep ditch, crossed by a bridge that could readily be removed.

For ages afterwards the Danes were grateful to Queen Thyra for this splendid wall of defense and sang her praises in their national hymns, while they told wonderful tales of her cleverness in ruling the land while her husband was far away. Fragments of Thyra’s rampart still remain and its remains formed the groundwork of all the later border bulwarks of Denmark.

Queen Thyra, while a worshipper of the northern gods, showed much favor to the Christians and caused some of her children to be signed with the cross. But King Gorm was a fierce pagan and treated his Christian subjects so cruelly that he gained the name of the “Church’s worm,” being regarded as one who was constantly gnawing at the supports of the Church. Henry I. the Fowler, the great German emperor of that age, angry at this treatment of the Christians, sent word to Gorm that it must cease, and when he found that no heed was paid to his words he marched a large army to the Eyder, giving Gorm to understand that he must mend his ways or his kingdom would be overrun.

Gorm evidently feared the loss of his dominion, for from that time on he allowed the Archbishop of Bremen to preach in his dominions and to rebuild the churches which had been destroyed, while he permitted his son Harald, who favored the Christians, to be signed with the cross. But he kept to the faith of his forefathers, as did his son Knud, known as “Dan-Ast,” or the “Danes’-joy.”

The ancient sagas tell us that there was little love between Knud and Harald; and that Gorm, fearing ill results from this, swore an oath that he would put to death any one who attempted to kill his first-born son, or who should even tell him that Knud had died.

While Harald remained at home and aided his mother, Knud was of his father’s fierce spirit and for years attended him on his viking expeditions. On one of these he was drowned, or rather was killed while bathing, by an arrow shot from one of his own ships. Gorm was absent at the time, and Thyra scarcely knew how the news could be told him without incurring the sworn penalty of death.

Finally she put herself and her attendants into deep mourning and hung the chief hall of the palace with the ashy-grey hangings used at the grave-feasts of Northmen of noble birth. Then, seating herself, she awaited Gorm’s return. On entering the hall he was struck by these signs of mourning and by the silence and dejection of the queen, and broke out in an exclamation of dismay:

“My son, Knud, is dead!”

“Thou hast said it, and not I, King Gorm,” was the queen’s reply. The news of the death had thus been conveyed to him without any one incurring the sworn penalty. Soon after that—in 936—King Gorm died, and the throne of Denmark was left to his son Harald, a cruel and crafty man whom many of the people believed to have caused the murder of his brother.

OFFICIAL AND OLDEST SCOTTISH CLAN CARRUTHERS

SINCE 1983-CLAN OF OUR ANCESTORS

MERITED TO CHIEF CARATOCUS 10AD

PRESENT CHIEF : PAT E CARROTHERS USA

CHARLES MORRIS

TAMMY WISE CHS USA

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Preserving Our Past, Recording Our Present, Informing Our Future

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

GOLD WINGS – https://www.facebook.com/carrutherscarrothers.pat.9

COPPER WINGS https://www.facebook.com/ClanCarruthers1/

CLAN CARRUTHERS FAMILY HISTORY – https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClan

CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/3878691252182714

CLAN CARRUTHERS INT SOCIETY- https://www.facebook.com/groups/394653845137709

CLAN CARRUTHERS – BORDER REIVERS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/434959914239094

Disclaimer Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan International Soci

OUR ANCESTORS, The Viking Age

A THOUSAND YEAR OLD VIKING HALL IN DENMARK – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

April 3, 2023April 21, 2023 ClanCarruthers

A THOUSAND YEAR OLD VIKING HALL UNCOVERED IN DENMARK

Archaeologists located in Denmark recently discovered to their amazement the remains of a Vikings hall that would have been used at the height of the late Viking age between the ninth and eleventh centuries. The structure measures hundred-thirty feet long and twenty-six to thirty-two feet wide.

The hall’s structure includes a round of ten to twelve rectangular oak posts which are designed to hold up the roof securely. Researchers suspect the structure is larger than the average house of the time because it was a very prestigious building. This kind of hall usually had been owned by someone wealthy, powerful, and prominent. The building is remarkably intact.

“This is the largest Viking Age find of this nature in more than ten years, and we have not seen anything like it before here in North Jutland, even though it has only been partially excavated,” archaeologist and excavation leader Thomas Rune Knudsen said in recent statements. “We only had the opportunity to excavate part of the hall, but there are probably several houses hidden under the mulch to the east. A hall building of this nature rarely stands alone,” He adds detailing that there is still a lot of work ahead to unlock all the history it can reveal.

Researchers from the Historical Museum of Northern Jutland uncovered remains of the structure near Hune, a village in northern Denmark. This is the rarest and biggest building of its size found in more than a decade. The teams say that the structure dates to the era of Denmark’s king Harald Blåtand Gormsson, ( CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR) after whom modern Bluetooth technology was named.

The architecture of the hall corresponds to the style of castles constructed during Blåtand’s reign. Archaeologists suspect the land on which the hall was erected may have belonged to a well-known nobleman, conceivably Runulv den Rådsnilde whose name is inscribed on a local rune stone.

“It is difficult to prove that the found Viking hall belonged to the family of Runulv den Rådsnilde, but it is certainly a possibility,” said Knudsen. “If nothing else, the rune stone and hall represent the same social class and both belong to society’s elite.”

According to the archaeologist team who have been hard at work excavating part of the hall, this structure likely played a monumental role in the day-to-day agricultural functions and served as a place for Viking guild get-togethers that would have been responsible for political meetings. They are certain also that there are several houses hidden under the mulch to the east that connects to the main hall believing this discovery is only starting.

An artist’s impression of Harald “Bluetooth” Blåtand and the rune, which archaeologists believe may show a link between the hall and an area nobleman.

Radiocarbon dating will be used to determine the precise time period the building was actively used. This will occur as the team starts the second half of the hall excavation next year. Researchers from the team have confirmed that plans are already being prepared to remove a section of turf in order to get an exact and accurate idea of when the structure’s main hall was built.

The replica Viking hall located at Borghyden heights in Norway is a perfect example of how this hall might have looked like during the Late Viking era. According to the Lofotr Museum, a major joint Nordic excavation project was carried out in Borghøyden heights which discovered “a chieftain’s seat from the early Iron Age.” Buried and hidden among the ancient buildings.

Sarah Kuta, a correspondent for the Smithsonian writes how important this kind of discovery. “The seafaring Vikings inhabited many places from the 9th to the 11th centuries, including mainland Europe, Ireland, England, Scotland, Wales, Greenland, North America, the Faroe Islands and beyond. Archaeologists continue to find traces of their history, including swords, jewelry, longhouses, and coins.”

OFFICIAL AND OLDEST SCOTTISH CLAN CARRUTHERS

SINCE 1983-CLAN OF OUR ANCESTORS

MERITED TO CHIEF CAROTACUS 10 A

CURRENT : CHIEF PAT E CARROTHERS USA

Dr Patricia Carrothers CHS

Reviewed by : Tammy Wise CHS

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Preserving Our Past, Recording Our Present, Informing Our Future

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

GOLD WINGS – https://www.facebook.com/carrutherscarrothers.pat.9

COPPER WINGS https://www.facebook.com/ClanCarruthers1/

CLAN CARRUTHERS FAMILY HISTORY – https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClan

CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/3878691252182714

CLAN CARRUTHERS INT SOCIETY- https://www.facebook.com/groups/394653845137709

CLAN CARRUTHERS – BORDER REIVERS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/434959914239094

Disclaimer Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan International Soci

Gutland / Gotland, OUR ANCESTORS, The Viking Age, Uncategorized

SVEND I HARALDSSON THE FIRST VIKING KING OF ENGLAND – CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

November 20, 2021November 16, 2022 ClanCarruthers

SVEND I HARALDSSON THE FIRST VIKING KING OF ENGLAND WITH THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND 1013

In 1012, England had finally secured peace and security against foreign attackers, having endured a three-year Viking raid which had culminated in the brutal murder of the Archbishop of Canterbury. But any hopes of enjoying a long spell of peace and quiet were rudely shattered in early 1013 by the arrival of an invasion force led by the King of Denmark, Svend Forkbeard.

Svend’s army conquered England so quickly that by Christmas he was in control of the kingdom, but how did he achieve this feat of arms? Was it through defeating English armies on the battlefield and subjugating the survivors? Or was it through a mass change of allegiance on the part of the English nobility and clergy?

The apocalypse was not slow in arriving. In the spring of 1013, less than a year after Thorkell
the Tall stopped attacking them, a new and more deadly enemy returned to menace the
English. Svend Forkbeard was back. No one knows exactly why Svend chose to invade
England in 1013. He had taken part in raids on England in the 990s and in the previous
decade, but those were plundering raids, whereas what he now proposed to do was outright
conquest. One leading theory is that he feared that AEthelred would fund an attempt by
Thorkell the Tall to become King of Denmark, like he funded Óláfr Tryggvason’s campaign
to become King of Norway in 995, which had disrupted Svend’s hegemonic rule over
Scandinavia. Óláfr ruled Norway for four years before being killed at the battle of Svolder by
a naval coalition comprised of Svend’s navy, his Norwegian son-in-law Eiríkr Hákonarson’s
forces, and Svend’s Swedish allies.
Whatever his reasons for invading England were, Svend and his invasion fleet initially sailed
to Sandwich on the south coast, before going north to the mouth of the river Humber in
northern England and landing at Gainsborough. At this point it became clear that Svend had
been in contact with several English nobles before his arrival as he was welcomed by the
locals with open arms. To secure their loyalty, Svend had his son Cnut marry AElgifu of
Northampton, the daughter of Ealdorman AElfhelm. Her family wielded a huge amount of
influence in northern Mercia and southern Northumbria at that time due to their large estates
and extended family networks. They had suffered a major setback during the palace coup at
AEthelred’s court in 1006 when Ealdorman AElfhelm was murdered, and his sons were
blinded. As a result, they had an axe to grind against AEthelred and his supporters,
particularly Eadric Streona, who had risen to prominence at their expense. In short order,
most of northern and eastern England joined Svend, and provided him with all the supplies he
needed.

Sweyn Forkbeard - Alchetron, The Free Social Encyclopedia

The reasons why the English people switched their allegiances go deeper than cultural links
and blood feuds between rival noble families though. They had suffered huge amounts of
death and destruction at the hands of Viking raiders in the previous twenty years, whilst
AEthelred had utterly failed to fulfil his duty as King and defend them from attack. When
Svend arrived, he offered them a new deal which was that if they accepted him as their king,
then in return he would stop the Viking raids. They were more than happy to accept it since
AEthelred had failed to uphold his responsibilities to them, and they thought Svend would be
able to keep his word. In addition to this, there were also family and cultural links with
Scandinavia in the Danelaw of eastern England which helped to smooth over any issues in
that region.

Svend and his army now moved south and started pillaging once they left the lands held by
his new subjects. This was enough to frighten the populations of Oxford and Winchester to
surrender without a fight in return for a promise of protection, and the rest of England soon
followed suit and surrendered to Svend. The only place which stayed loyal to AEthelred was
London. Thorkell the Tall also remained loyal to him, but that was scant consolation for
AEthelred as the rest of the kingdom decided that they would prefer to have Svend as their
king instead of him. AEthelred, along with Emma and their children, sailed with Thorkell the
Tall to the Isle of Wight where they spent Christmas, before sailing for Normandy and exile.
AEthelred’s sons by his first marriage stayed behind in England and lay low, awaiting
developments. After AEthelred had departed, London submitted to Svend, who then
demanded hostages from the entire English nobility as a safeguard against treachery.

Sweyn Forkbeard – First Viking King of Britain | Annoyz View

So, that was that. Svend had conquered England, a kingdom with far more people, money,
and land than his own, in a matter of months. The principal reason why he had been so
successful was because instead of fighting him, the English decided to change sides and join
him in his campaign against AEthelred. As the political and military momentum had shifted
in Svend’s favour due to his seemingly unending series of successes, he attracted more and
more defectors who were eager to join the winning side before it was too late. The result was
that as 1013 drew to a close, Svend enjoyed the support of most of the English nobility and
clergy, with no signs of resistance to his rule in sight.
As 1014 began, Svend was secure on the English throne. All he needed to do to make his new
title legitimate in the eyes of the rest of Christian Europe was to hold a coronation. AEthelred
was in exile in Normandy with his ducal in-laws, who were not particularly inclined to be
helpful in supporting a campaign to reconquer England. Even if AEthelred could gather an
army, cross the Channel, and get ashore without being intercepted, his chances of success
looked hopeless whilst Svend’s grip on England was so strong. But for all that things looked
set in stone, the wheel of fortune was still turning…

OFFICIAL AND REGISTERED CLAN CARRUTHERS SINCE 1983

Preserving the Past, Recording the Present, Informing the Future

Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan Int Society

carruthersclan1@gmail.com carrothersclan@gmail.com

Andrew Rollo

Reviewed by Tammy Wise CHS- CHAIRMAN – Indiana USA

CLAN SEANACHAIDHI

CLAN CARRUTHERS INT SOCIETY CCIS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

GOLD WINGS – https://www.facebook.com/carrutherscarrothers.pat.9

CLAN CARRUTHERS FAMILY HISTORY – https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClan

CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/3878691252182714

CLAN CARRUTHERS INT SOCIETY- https://www.facebook.com/groups/394653845137709

CLAN CARRUTHERS – BORDER REIVERS – https://www.facebook.com/groups/434959914239094

Disclaimer Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan International Society

OUR ANCESTORS

Protected: CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – VALDEMAR I OF DENMARK CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR

January 26, 2021January 27, 2021 ClanCarruthers

Tag: DENMARK

1,100-YEAR OLD CEREMONIAL CIKING SHIELD – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

1,100-year-old ‘ceremonial’ Viking shields were actually used in battle, study suggests

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

GORM THE OLD – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

A THOUSAND YEAR OLD VIKING HALL IN DENMARK – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

CLAN CARRUTHERS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers

clancarruthers1@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

SVEND I HARALDSSON THE FIRST VIKING KING OF ENGLAND – CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR – CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS

SVEND I HARALDSSON THE FIRST VIKING KING OF ENGLAND WITH THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND 1013

OFFICIAL AND REGISTERED CLAN CARRUTHERS SINCE 1983

Preserving the Past, Recording the Present, Informing the Future

Ancient and Honorable Carruthers Clan Int Society

carruthersclan1@gmail.com carrothersclan@gmail.com

You can find us on our main facebook pages at :

SILVER WINGS-https://www.facebook.com/CarruthersClanLLC/

Protected: CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS – VALDEMAR I OF DENMARK CARRUTHERS ANCESTOR