OUR NORSE DNA CONNECTION

HAPLOGROUP l1 : CARRUTHERS DNA PATH CTS11603 – CTS6364

Proof that the Carruthers are from Gutland/Gotland

Distribution of Haplogroup I1 in Europe

Haplogroup I1 is the most common I subclade in northern Europe. It is found mostly in Scandinavia and Finland, where it typically represent over 35% of the male Y-chromosomes. Associated with the Norse ethnicity, I1 is found in all places
invaded by ancient Germanic tribes and the Vikings. Other parts of Europe speaking Germanic languages come next in frequency. Germany, Austria, the Low Countries, England and the Scottish Lowlands all have between 10% and 20% of I1
lineages

ORIGINS AND HISTORY

Haplogroup I is the oldest major haplogroup in Europe and in all probability the only one that originated there (apart from very minor haplogroups like C6 and deep subclades of other haplogroups). It is thought to have arrived from the Middle East as haplogroup IJ sometime between 45,000 and 50,000 years ago, and developed into haplogroup I approximately 40,000 years ago. It has now been confirmed by ancient DNA test that Cro-Magnons, the first Homo sapiens to colonize Europe 45,000 years ago, belonged to haplogroups BT, CT, C, F, IJ and I.
The I1 branch is estimated to have split away from the rest of haplogroup I some 27,000 years ago. I1 is defined by over 300 unique mutations, which indicates that this lineage experienced a serious population bottleneck. Most of the Late Glacial and Mesolithic remains tested to date belonged to haplogroup I* or I2. It is not yet clear in which part of Europe I1 originated. It has been speculated that I1 evolved in isolation in Scandinavia during the late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods, when hunter-gatherers from southern Europe recolonised the northern half of the continent from their LGM refugia. The oldest attested evidence of postglacial resettlement of Scandinavia dates from 11,000 BCE with the appearance of the Ahrensburg culture . However, five Y-DNA samples from Mesolithic Sweden, dating from c. 5800 to 5000 BCE and tested by Lazaridis et al. 2013 and Haak et al. 2015 all turned out to belong to haplogroup I2.
The earliest sign of haplogroup I1 emerged from the testing of Early Neolithic Y-DNA from western Hungary (SzécsényiNagy et al. 2014 ). A single I1 sample was identified alongside a G2a2b sample, both from the early Linear Pottery (LBK)
culture , which would later diffuse the new agricultural lifestyle to most of Poland, Germany and the Low Countries. This means that haplogroup I1 was present in central Europe at the time of the Neolithic expansion.

I

t is therefore possible that I1 lineages were among the Mesolithic European hunter-gatherers assimilated by the wave of East Mediterranean Neolithic farmers (represented chiefly by Y-haplogroup G2a). There is also evidence from the Neolithic samples of the Early Neolithic Starčevo and Cardium Pottery cultures that haplogroup I2a lived alongside G2a farmers
both in south-east and south-west Europe.
The most likely hypothesis at present is that I1 and I2 lineages were dispersed around Europe during the Mesolithic, and that some branches prospered more than others thanks to an early adoption of agriculture upon contact with the Near Eastern
farmers who were slowly making their way across the Balkans and the Mediterranean shores. The small group of farmers from the early LBK culture from Hungary might have formed a blend of I1 and G2a men. Yet distinct families would have
spread in different directions and met varying successes in their expansion. It would appear that a founder effect in the northern LBK population led to a sudden explosion of I1 lineages, perhaps in part thanks to their better knowledge of the Central European terrain and fauna (since hunting was typically practised side by side to agriculture to complement the farmers’ diet). I1 would later have spread to Scandinavia from northern Germany.
This data is consistent with a Neolithic dispersal of I1 from Hungary with the LBK culture and the subsequent Funnelbeaker culture (4000-2700 BCE) in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia. One Swedish sample from the late Mesolithic
Pitted Ware culture (3200-2300 BCE) also turned out to belong to I2a1 and not I1.

PIC: FUNNELBEAKER CULTURE

Both the Funnelbeaker and Pitted Ware cultures represent a merger between the Neolithic (farming) and Mesolithic (huntergatherer) lifestyles. Neolithic farmers from Germany penetrated late into Scandinavia and in small numbers. There is archeological evidence that Neolithic farmers settled in southern Scandinavia and lived side by side with hunter-gatherers for several centuries during the Funnelbeaker culture.

Skoglund et al. 2012 tested and compared the DNA of one Neolithic farmer and three hunter-gatherers from Sweden ( GOTLAND ) dating from 5,000 years ago. It turned out that the farmer was much closer genetically to modern Mediterranean people, especially the Sardinians, who are generally considered the best proxy population to Neolithic European farmers. The hunter-gatherers’s DNA resembled that of modern Northeast Europeans, and perhaps even more that of the Finns and Samis than Scandinavians.
Scandinavian hunter-gatherers would have adopted the new Neolithic lifestyle little by little, using pottery and keeping domesticated animals (sheep, cattle, pigs and goats) to complement their traditional diet of fishing and game hunting. The
cultivation of wheat, barley and legumes was fairly limited due to the cold climate. The cold climate was actually a barrier to the expansion of farmers from the continent. This is why Scandinavians retained a greater percentage of Mesolithic ancestry
than virtually all other Europeans, apart from the Samis, Finns, Balts and Russians.

No ancient Y-DNA from the Funnelbeaker culture in Scandinavia has been tested to date, but it is likely that I1 really started gathering momentum toward the end of the Funnelbeaker period. It might also have been among the Funnelbeaker lineages
that were most successfully assimilated by Proto-Indo-European invaders during the Corded Ware culture (aka Battle-Axe culture in Scandinavia). Most I1 individuals today share a common ancestor around the time of the transition between the
Funnelbeaker and Corded Ware periods.

CARRUTHERS DNA PATH

1.  If you  have been following any of the Carruthers Genome paths, then you will remember that one of our first sub clave groups was : L22+ (aka S142+) which is the main Nordic subclade. It is also very common in Britain and Scotland, especially on the east coast where the Vikings settled most heavily, in the Low Countries and Normandy (also doubtlessly the heritage of the Danish Viking), as well as in Poland and Russia (Swedish Vikings).

We do have DNA matchings at this point to a landing at winchester/cinchester around 400 AD, and one on the eastern coast around 800 AD.

2.  Another Carruthers sub clave group was :  P109+ A mostly southern Scandinavian subclade, with a presence in all the regions settled by the Danish Vikings. It has been found sporadically in many parts of Europe, such as western Iberia, northern Italy, the Balkans, Lithuania and Russia.

3.  M253 came through as another Carruthers genome marker, is also know as L1 Haplogroup.  The haplogroup L1 reaches its peak frequencies in Sweden (52 percent of males in Västra Götaland County) and western Finland (more than 50 percent in Satakunta province).  In terms of national averages, I-M253 is found in 35–38 per cent of Swedish males,  32.8% of Danish males,  about 31.5% of Norwegian males,  and about 28% of Finnish males.

4.  With the last Carruthers DNA CTS research project, we were able to pinpoint the Carruthers individual genome marker as CTS11603.  Every Carruthers would have this genome in their DNA to date.

5.  Our Z2337 genome shows that we are of a Northern Nordic Cluster, east of Sweden, a 52% finding of GOTLAND.  We also do not have DNA that supports the Swedish or Norwegian findings.

6.  Continuing this project we are able to link CTS11603 to our nordic forensic genome of CTS6364.  We were not called Carruthers in this time frame, we were Ashmen, Aachenmen, and today we share this Nordic genome with people with the name Ashman, which is more prevalent in eastern Europe.   In theory we knew about this in 2017, but we were asked not to report this until further studies were done.

These results show 30 generational markers past R1b, which puts us beyond 75,000 years in DNA studies.

There are two other Scottish Clans, that we have been helping, find their results for their family members.  We wish everyone the best on continuing their family history.

OFFICIAL AND REGISTEREDL CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS SINCE 1983-CLAN OF OUR ANCESTORS

SCOTTISH CLAN – IRISH CLAN – NORSE CLAN

Preserving Our Past, Recording Our Present, Informing Our Future

Ancient and Honorable Clan Carruthers Int Society CCIS  LLc

carruthersclan1@gmail.com              carrothersclan@gmail.com

Dr. Patricia Carrothers

     Dr. Gail Carruthers Bohannan Gray

CLAN CARRUTHERS CCIS HISTORIAN AND GENEALOGIST

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